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Paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP)is one of the commonly used analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs, but it can cause acute kidney injury(AKI)or even acute renal failure due to blind, large, combined or long-term use. The mechanism reseach on the APAP-induced nephrotoxicity is mainly focused on the formation of metabolic toxic substances, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS), and changes in glomerular hemody namics. This paper summarizes the toxicity mechanism of APAP-induced AKI(APAP-AKI), and the research progress in the protec tive effect of active ingredients of traditional Chinese materia medicas(TCMM)on APAP-AKI, including polyphenols, flavonoids, quinones, terpenoids, amino acids and other type substances, with an aim to clarify the key mechanisms and signaling pathways of APAP-AKI and to provide reference for the development of drugs for the prevention and treatment of APAP-AKI.
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Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. It has become the main cause of adult blindness. Recent studies show that traditional Chinese materia medica (TCMM) and compounds can help the prevention and treatment of DR. The mechanism may be attributed to protection of retinal pericytes, endothelial cells and retinal neurodegeneration, reduction of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), receptor of AGEs (RAGE), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-ΚB) activation, alleviation of mitochondrial oxidative stress, and inhibition of apoptosis. In this paper, we review the recent laboratory findings of DR treated with TCMM and compounds in order to provide reference for the prevention of DR and for TCMM innovation.
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Echinococcosis(hydatid disease)is a global zoonotic parasitic disease. At present,surgery remains the preferred treatment for this disease,but there are problems such as incomplete treatment and secondary infection. Therefore,adjuvant therapy of drugs is also essential. Albendazole is considered to be one of the most effective drug,but it has many side effects. In contrast,botani- cals have fewer side effects,low cost,and high availability in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Therefore,searching for herbs or plant extracts effectively treating echinococcosis has become an important topic. This paper summarizes the research progress in plant extracts and traditional Chinese materia medica in treatment of hydatid disease in vitro and in vivo,in order to provide reference for the treatment of echinococcosis by plant drugs.
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There is an increasing demand for neonatal and juvenile animal toxicity studies during the research and development of new drugs. In this paper,we discussed general evaluation parameters of pediatric non-clinical safety with pediatric drugs,such as growth and development and food intake,and paramenters of other organs and systems, such as the central nervous system,reproductive system, behavior evaluation in combination with our own experience. In addition,the characteristics of non-clin?ical safety evaluation of new traditional Chinese medicine materia medica used for juvenile animals were analyzed. This paper is intended reference for non-clinical safety evaluation of pediatric drugs and to gain some experience related to formulation of new guidelines.
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In current research and development of new drugs,the demand for toxicological study using neonatal and juvenile animals is becoming increasingly urgent. In this paper,we discussed the characteristics,importance and necessity of nonclinical safety evaluation for pediatric drugs,considerations for research design,selection of animal species and age,route and duration of drug administration and evaluation indexes. In addition,the characteristics of nonclinical safety evaluation of new traditional Chinese materia medica used for children were analyzed. It is hoped that these studies will not only provide support and reference for nonclinical safety evaluation of pediatric drugs but help accumulate material in formulating relevant guidelines.
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Microbiome is a novel research field related to human health,agriculture,bio-energy and the environment. Gut microbiome has received much attention from researchers recently. Studies have shown that gut flora is related to some diseases,such as digestive disease(inflammatory bowel disease),metabolic disease(type 2 diabetes), cardie-cerebral vascular disease(Parkinson disease). Traditional Chinese materia medica(TCMM) has long been used as a tonic and taken in a large amount. Gut flora has an effect on pharmacology and toxicology of TCMM after entering the gastroin?testinal tract. This article is intended to review recent researches on microbiome,common detection techniques and the relationship with hepatotoxicity induced by Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.,scutel?laria baicalensis that directly affects the intestinal tract,nephrotoxicity induced by Rhizoma Alismatis and pneumonia induced by Xiao-Chaihu-Tang.
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Objective To analyze the overall developmental stages of traditional Chinese materia medica patent technology in China and abroad and the causes of the differences. Methods In this study, the Shanghai Intellectual Property Information Platform, Thomson Innovation, Derwent Innovations Index were utilized and graphic illustration method for patent technology life cycles was used to determine the overall developmental stages of traditional Chinese materia medica patent technology in China and abroad. Results The numbers of applications for patent traditional Chinese materia medica and their applicants were obtained. With information of the two parameters, the text made a preliminary prediction of overall trend for the number of applications. Conclusion The patent technology of traditional Chinese materia medica progressed into developing stages in China and appeared the feature of mature or recession stage abroad.
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Traditional Chinese Materia Medica (TCMM) has a long history for its application in treating diseases, and has been proved in clinic for its efficacies. In the most cases, these medicines are taken orally, and the oral bioavailabilities of their chemical constituents are generally poor, and one of the most important causes is that the chemical constituents are biotransformed in gastrointestinal tract or in liver due to the in vivo chemical and biological circumstances. Since the pharmacological effects are considered to be derived from the absorbed chemical substances, we believe some biotransformed products might play an important role for the effectiveness of TCMM. Although the study on chemical constituents of TCMM has made significant achievements in the past three decades, the study on in vivo metabolism of TCMM constituents has still been in slow progress. In order to promote the research progress in this field, this paper will give some suggestions and ideas based on the current research situation, and some examples are presented to reveal the role of in vivo metabolism of chemical constituents in clarifying effective substance of TCMM.
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OBJECTIVE To discuss the antimicrobial activity of extracts from 10 kinds of traditional Chinese materia(medica)(TCMM)in vitro.METHODS Extracts from 10 kinds of TCMM were prepared,and subjected to(bacteriostatic) tests in vitro by test tube continuously dilution in order to observe their minimal inhibitory(concentration)(MIC),to Staphylococcus(aureus),Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.RESULTS Among the 10 kinds of TCMM extracts,which did have antimicrobial activity against S.aureus,E.coli,P.aeruginosa and C.albicans in(different) degree;among them,the antimicrobial(activit)y of the extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra,Punica granatum,Schisandra chinensis and Coptis chinensis to resistant bacteria was the highest,the extracts of(Radix) Paeoniae Rubra showed strong inhibitory activities to the above 4 bacteria,especially to the resistant(organisms) with the MIC at 7.8,1.95,1.95 and 7.8mg/ml,(respectively).CONCLUSIONS The extracts of Radix Paeoniae Rubra,P.granatum,S.chinensis and C.chinensis have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity to(resistant) bacteria.
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OBJECTIVE To find the active principle in Radix Scutellariae,Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Flos Lonicerae in Gansu inhibiting yeast-like fungi of deep infection.METHODS Radix Scutellariae,Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Flos Lonicerae were separately cleaned,toasted and grinded to fine power.Five kinds of(8 strains) yeast-like fungi that were collected and spread into 90mm Sabouraud plate.On aseptic condition,bored holes on Sabouraud plate with the drilling instrument of 6mm diameter,and filled every holes with 25.73mg fine powder of Radix Scutellariae,Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Flos Lonicerae,and added 3 to 5 drops of distilled water in the medicinal powder.Under 35℃,the bacteria were cultured for 24 to 48 hours,and the size of bacteriostatic ring was observed.RESULTS The diameters of the bacteriostatic ring of Radix Scutellariae powder inhibiting five kinds of yeast-like fungi were separately 16.0mm,13.5mm,13.0mm,13.0mm and 10.5mm,respectively,and the diameter of Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Flos Lonicerae powder was 0.CONCLUSIONS There is the active principle inhibiting yeast-like fungi in Radix Scutellariae,but not that in Radix Sophorae Flavescentis and Flos Lonicerae.
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OBJECTIVE:To distinguish between the traditional science of Chinese materia medica and the pharmacognosy and discuss the developmental direction of the traditional Chinese medicine.METHODS:The differences between the traditional science of Chinese materia medica and the pharmacognosy in rationale,research contents,medical treatment principles and identification of the quality of the traditional Chinese medicine were compared to clarify that the pharmacognosy and traditional science of Chinese materia medica are completely different concepts.RESULTS:At present,the science of Chinese materia medica is constrained by the theory of pharmacognosy,and the traditional science of Chinese materia medica is tended to be gradually replaced by the western-medicine-theory-based pharmacognosy.CONCLUSION:It is necessary to reconsider and discuss the developmental direction of the traditional Chinese medicine.Modern research on Chinese medicine should follow the natural laws of the Chinese medicine itself rather than following the development mode of the western medicines.
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OBJECTIVE To screen the anti-meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)traditional Chinese materia medica(TCMM)by biosensor technique,targeted on the soluble penicillin binding protein 2a(PBP2a)of clinical MRSA.METHODS The soluble PBP2a with amino acid sequence from 25 to 668 from clinical MRSA were expressed in Escherichia coli by gene recombination technique.Then,the expressed product was identified and its biological function was analyzed.After the PBP2a was immobilized into the carboxymethyl dextran cuvette(CMD),the anti-MRSA TCMM was screened by means of biosensor.RESULTS The soluble protein PBP2a had been successfully expressed,whose relative molecular mass was 74?103.It was confirmed that the soluble PBP2a had transpeptidase activitiy and ?-lactamase activitiy.Subsequently,10 kinds of anti-MRSA TCMM were screened out by biosensor technique.Moreover,Radix Scutellariae,Rhizoma Coptidis and Spica Prunellae had greater anti-MRSA effect than others.CONCLUSIONS Anti-MRSA TCMM has been successfully screened out by biosensor technique,targeted on the soluble PBP2a of clinical MRSA.
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Recently, hepatocyte transplantation has been documented to be effective in the treatment of numerous hepatic diseases, including acute and chronic liver failure, genetic liver diseases, cirrhosis, and so on. Before it is widely used in clinic, there are a lot of problems to solve, such as the lack of cell source, cell proliferation, and immunological rejection. This review focuses on recent progress in the study of hepatocyte transplantation with respect to the animal model, cell source, and the existing problems, at the same time addressing the prospect of traditional Chinese materia medica on hepatocyte transplantation.